ARCHIVES
Original Article
Spatio-Temporal Variability and Trend Analysis of Rainfall Over Kerala, India, Using Persiann-Ccs Gridded Satellite Data (2003–2024)
Anjitha C M1
Poojith Kumar D P2
Shridhar Adiandhra3
Dasharatha P. Angadi4
1 2 Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Mangalore University, Karnataka, India. 3 Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Karnatak University. Karnataka, India. 4 Professor, Department of Geography, Mangalore University. Karnataka, India.
Published Online: July-August 2026
Pages: 320-329
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20260604035
References
[1]. Agarwal, S., Suchithra, A. S., & Singh, S. P. (2021). Analysis and interpretation of rainfall trend using Mann-Kendall’s and Sen’s slope method. Indian Journal of Ecology, 48(2), 453–457.
[2]. Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association — LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
[3]. Ashouri, H., Hsu, K.-L., Sorooshian, S., Braithwaite, D. K., Knapp, K. R., Cecil, L. D., Nelson, B. R., & Prat, O. P. (2015). PERSIANN-CDR: Daily precipitation climate data record from multisatellite observations for hydrological and climate studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00068.1
[4]. Hong, Y., Hsu, K.-L., Sorooshian, S., & Gao, X. (2004). Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed imagery using an artificial neural network cloud classification system. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43(12), 1834–1852. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2173.1
[5]. Hsu, K., Gao, X., Sorooshian, S., & Gupta, H. V. (1997). Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 36(9), 1176–1190. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1176:PEFRSI>2.0.CO;2
[6]. Hussain, M., & Mahmud, I. (2019). pyMannKendall: A python package for non parametric Mann Kendall family of trend tests. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(39), 1556. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01556
[7]. Kendall, M. G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods (4th ed.). Charles Griffin.
[8]. Krishnakumar, K. N., Prasada Rao, G. S. L. H. V., & Gopakumar, C. S. (2009). Rainfall trends in twentieth century over Kerala, India. Atmospheric Environment, 43(11), 1940–1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.053
[9]. Mann, H. B. (1945). Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 13(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187
[10]. Mishra, V., & Shah, H. L. (2018). Hydro climatological perspective of the Kerala flood of 2018. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 92(5), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1079-3
[11]. Mishra, V., Aadhar, S., Shah, H., Kumar, R., Pattanaik, D. R., & Tiwari, A. D. (2018). The Kerala flood of 2018: Combined impact of extreme rainfall and reservoir storage. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-480
[12]. Moran, P. A. P. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1–2), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17
[13]. Nair, A., Ajayamohan, R. S., Joshi, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2014). Spatio-temporal analysis of rainfall trends over a maritime state (Kerala) of India during the last 100 years. Atmospheric Environment, 88, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.055
[14]. Roxy, M. K., Ghosh, S., Pathak, A., Athulya, R., Mujumdar, M., Murtugudde, R., Terray, P., & Rajeevan, M. (2017). A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India. Nature Communications, 8, 708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9
[15]. Sadeghi, M., Nguyen, P., Naeini, M. R., Hsu, K., Braithwaite, D., & Sorooshian, S. (2021). PERSIANN-CCS-CDR: A 3-hourly 0.04° global precipitation climate data record for heavy precipitation studies. Scientific Data, 8, 157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00940-9
[16]. Sen, P. K. (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934
[17]. Simon, A., & Mohankumar, K. (2004). Spatial variability and rainfall characteristics of Kerala. Journal of Earth System Science, 113(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02709788
[18]. Soman, M. K., Kumar, K. K., & Singh, N. (1988). Decreasing trend in the rainfall of Kerala. Current Science, 57(7), 7–12.
[19]. Webster, R., & Oliver, M. A. (2007). Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists (2nd ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470517277
[20]. Welford, B. P. (1962). Note on a method for calculating corrected sums of squares and products. Technometrics, 4(3), 419–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1962.10490022.
[2]. Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association — LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
[3]. Ashouri, H., Hsu, K.-L., Sorooshian, S., Braithwaite, D. K., Knapp, K. R., Cecil, L. D., Nelson, B. R., & Prat, O. P. (2015). PERSIANN-CDR: Daily precipitation climate data record from multisatellite observations for hydrological and climate studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00068.1
[4]. Hong, Y., Hsu, K.-L., Sorooshian, S., & Gao, X. (2004). Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed imagery using an artificial neural network cloud classification system. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43(12), 1834–1852. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2173.1
[5]. Hsu, K., Gao, X., Sorooshian, S., & Gupta, H. V. (1997). Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 36(9), 1176–1190. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1176:PEFRSI>2.0.CO;2
[6]. Hussain, M., & Mahmud, I. (2019). pyMannKendall: A python package for non parametric Mann Kendall family of trend tests. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(39), 1556. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01556
[7]. Kendall, M. G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods (4th ed.). Charles Griffin.
[8]. Krishnakumar, K. N., Prasada Rao, G. S. L. H. V., & Gopakumar, C. S. (2009). Rainfall trends in twentieth century over Kerala, India. Atmospheric Environment, 43(11), 1940–1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.053
[9]. Mann, H. B. (1945). Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 13(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187
[10]. Mishra, V., & Shah, H. L. (2018). Hydro climatological perspective of the Kerala flood of 2018. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 92(5), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1079-3
[11]. Mishra, V., Aadhar, S., Shah, H., Kumar, R., Pattanaik, D. R., & Tiwari, A. D. (2018). The Kerala flood of 2018: Combined impact of extreme rainfall and reservoir storage. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-480
[12]. Moran, P. A. P. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1–2), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17
[13]. Nair, A., Ajayamohan, R. S., Joshi, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2014). Spatio-temporal analysis of rainfall trends over a maritime state (Kerala) of India during the last 100 years. Atmospheric Environment, 88, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.055
[14]. Roxy, M. K., Ghosh, S., Pathak, A., Athulya, R., Mujumdar, M., Murtugudde, R., Terray, P., & Rajeevan, M. (2017). A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India. Nature Communications, 8, 708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9
[15]. Sadeghi, M., Nguyen, P., Naeini, M. R., Hsu, K., Braithwaite, D., & Sorooshian, S. (2021). PERSIANN-CCS-CDR: A 3-hourly 0.04° global precipitation climate data record for heavy precipitation studies. Scientific Data, 8, 157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00940-9
[16]. Sen, P. K. (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934
[17]. Simon, A., & Mohankumar, K. (2004). Spatial variability and rainfall characteristics of Kerala. Journal of Earth System Science, 113(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02709788
[18]. Soman, M. K., Kumar, K. K., & Singh, N. (1988). Decreasing trend in the rainfall of Kerala. Current Science, 57(7), 7–12.
[19]. Webster, R., & Oliver, M. A. (2007). Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists (2nd ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470517277
[20]. Welford, B. P. (1962). Note on a method for calculating corrected sums of squares and products. Technometrics, 4(3), 419–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1962.10490022.
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