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A significant portion of the Indian female population belongs to theperimenopausal and postmenopausal age groups. One of the complications associated with aging in women is weakening of bones and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). This has serious, debilitating consequences on a woman's life, leading to a reduced quality of life and an increased incidence of fractures. If the fracture involves the hip or vertebrae, it can be debilitating and have devastating consequences. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is associated with estrogen deficiency, which occurs when ovarian function declines with age. The role of estrogen in bone remodeling is very well understood after many years of research; Estrogen plays a role in both bone formation and preventing bone resorption. The diagnosis can be made using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The main goal of osteoporosis diagnostics is to elucidate the causes of the disease, elucidate the functions of biomarkers and their dynamic changes in response to therapy, and develop a new diagnostic strategy in combination with modern methods. Conventional treatments, including bisphosphonates, denosumab, estrogen replacement therapy, and teriparatide, have long been used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Some serious side effects led to discontinuation of therapy. However, the frequency of side effects is quite low. Developing new treatments for osteoporosis using mesenchymal stem cells or Chinese herbal therapies is of growing interest to researchers as they improve safety, effectiveness and cost- effectiveness. Improvements in both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies may facilitate personalized treatment of osteoporosis.