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Abutilon indicum is a traditional medicinal plant with reported therapeutic potential. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile and in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of its aerial parts (AEEAI). Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and proteins. Quantitative analysis showed total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of 10.52 ± 1.32 mg GAE/g, 19.42 ± 1.25 mg QE/g, and 10.49 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g, respectively. LC-MS analysis tentatively identified several bioactive compounds, including caffeic acid, myricetin, apigenin, and kaempferol/quercetin derivatives. AEEAI exhibited concentration-dependent (50–250 μg/mL) in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity, with inhibition of heat-induced BSA denaturation ranging from 18.17 ± 2.12% to 77.32 ± 3.1%, and HRBC membrane stabilisation ranging from 16.56 ± 1.12% to 75.38 ± 0.5%, comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium (20.41 ± 0.05–81.71 ± 0.09% and 18.57 ± 0.05–83.42 ± 0.09%, respectively). These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of A. indicum in inflammatory conditions and highlight its potential as a source of plant-derived anti-inflammatory agents.