ARCHIVES
Year 2026 · Volume 6 · Issue 5
Original Article
Field-Level Lightweight Encryption Using Record-Dependent Diffusion in a C# and MySQL Environment
Yalmaz Najmaldeen Taher1
1 Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Kirkuk, Iraq.
Published Online: September-October 2026
Pages: 446-458
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20260605049
References
1. J. Al-Saraireh, “An efficient approach for query processing over encrypted database,” Journal of Computer Science, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 548–557, 2017, doi: 10.3844/jcssp.2017.548.557.
2. U. S. Basha, “Fortifying healthcare data security in the cloud: A comprehensive examination of the EPM-KEA encryption protocol,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 3397–3416, 2024, doi: 10.32604/cmc.2024.046265.
3. S. A. Ajagbe, A. O. Adesina, T. J. Odule, and O. Aiyeniko, “Evaluation of computing resources consumption of selected symmetric-key algorithms,” Journal of Computer Science and Its Application, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 64, 2019, doi: 10.4314/jcsia.v26i2.7.
4. K. Lewi and D. J. Wu, “Order-revealing encryption: New constructions, applications, and lower bounds,” in Proc. 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conf. Computer and Communications Security, 2016, pp. 1167–1178, doi: 10.1145/2976749.2978376.
5. N. Chenette, K. Lewi, S. A. Weis, and D. J. Wu, “Practical order-revealing encryption with limited leakage,” in Fast Software Encryption, T. Peyrin, Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2016, vol. 9783, pp. 474–493, doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_24.
6. P. Grubbs, K. Sekniqi, V. Bindschaedler, M. Naveed, and T. Ristenpart, “Leakage-abuse attacks against order-revealing encryption,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2017, pp. 655–672, doi: 10.1109/SP.2017.44.
7. S. Kamara and T. Moataz, “SQL on structurally-encrypted databases,” in Advances in Cryptology—ASIACRYPT 2018, T. Peyrin and S. Galbraith, Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, vol. 11272, pp. 149–180, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-03326-2_6.
8. Z. Gui, K. G. Paterson, and T. Tang, “Security analysis of MongoDB’s queryable encryption,” in Proc. 32nd USENIX Security Symp. (USENIX Security 23), 2023, pp. 4335–4352. [Online]. Available: https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity23-gui_1.pdf
9. R. B. Agboola, Z. S. Iro, J. Awwalu, and I. N. Said, “Database security framework design using tokenization,” Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1b, pp. 16–26, 2022, doi: 10.4314/dujopas.v8i1b.3.
10. G. Ramasamy, G. M., G. Sridhar, U. Aditya, and N. Shreyas, “Enhancing database security through multi-layered cryptographic techniques,” in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies, 2025, pp. 532–540, doi: 10.5220/0013901400004919.
11. E. A. Markatou, F. Falzon, Z. Espiritu, and R. Tamassia, “Attacks on encrypted response-hiding range search schemes in multiple dimensions,” Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, vol. 2023, no. 4, pp. 204–223, 2023, doi: 10.56553/popets-2023-0106.
12. R. Poddar, T. Boelter, and R. A. Popa, “Arx: An encrypted database using semantically secure encryption,” Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1664–1678, 2019, doi: 10.14778/3342263.3342641.
13. I. Demertzis, D. Papadopoulos, C. Papamanthou, and S. Shintre, “SEAL: Attack mitigation for encrypted databases via adjustable leakage,” in Proc. 29th USENIX Security Symp. (USENIX Security 20), 2020, pp. 2433–2450. [Online]. Available: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/demertzis
14. M. A. Bender et al., “Anti-persistence on persistent storage: History-independent sparse tables and dictionaries,” in Proc. 35th ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI Symp. Principles of Database Systems, 2016, pp. 289–302, doi: 10.1145/2902251.2902276.
15. P. Grubbs, R. McPherson, M. Naveed, T. Ristenpart, and V. Shmatikov, “Breaking web applications built on top of encrypted data,” in Proc. 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conf. Computer and Communications Security, 2016, pp. 1353–1364, doi: 10.1145/2976749.2978351.
16. M. Trabucco, M. Andreolini, and L. Ferretti, “Practical and secure history-independent indexing for queryable-encrypted databases,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 99, Art. no. 104439, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2026.104439.
17. A. Baban and S. Hameed, “Securing a web-based hospital management system using a combination of AES and HMAC,” Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 93–99, 2023, doi: 10.37917/ijeee.19.1.12.
18. J. Ji, Y. Song, and G. Cho, “Selective encryption of sensitive fields in structured logs: Quantifying security–utility–performance tradeoffs,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 101, Art. no. 104550, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2026.104550.
19. S. Ziyad, P. Christen, R. Schnell, L. Lange, and A. Vidanage, “The use of differential privacy for privacy-preserving record linkage: Protecting the bits but not the people,” Information Systems, vol. 140, Art. no. 102726, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.is.2026.102726.
20. E. A. Abdullah, A. Al Shamiri, and A. A. G. Al-Khulaidi, “Encrypting the electronic health record using cloud computing and blockchain technologies,” International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, vol. 12, no. 14s, pp. 684–714, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382823631
21. K. F. Jasim and A. M. Zeki, “Design of protection software using some cryptosystems for cloud database files,” Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 70–79, 2024, doi: 10.24086/cuesj.v8n1y2024.pp70-79.
22. J. Ma, F. Li, and R. Diao, “Research on high-throughput blockchain-based solutions for large-scale medical data sharing,” Blockchain: Research and Applications, vol. 7, no. 2, Art. no. 100332, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100332.
23. A. I. Khan, H. Saud, S. A. R. Kazmi, and M. I. Fakhir, “Database security empowered with independent field encryption,” VAWKUM Transactions on Computer Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 125–135, 2024, doi: 10.21015/vtcs.v12i1.1775.
24. M. Carvalho, F. Sá, and J. Bernardino, “Evaluation of the impact of AES encryption on query read performance across Oracle, MySQL, and SQL Server databases,” Cryptography, vol. 9, no. 4, Art. no. 77, 2025, doi: 10.3390/cryptography9040077.
25. R. Zhou, N. Gao, and C. Tu, “Design and implementation of a database transparent encryption middleware supporting fuzzy search,” in Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering, L. Trajković, G. Zhang, S. Femmam, J. Ma, M. Paprzycki, and S. Agaian, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, 2026, doi: 10.3233/ATDE260452.
2. U. S. Basha, “Fortifying healthcare data security in the cloud: A comprehensive examination of the EPM-KEA encryption protocol,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 3397–3416, 2024, doi: 10.32604/cmc.2024.046265.
3. S. A. Ajagbe, A. O. Adesina, T. J. Odule, and O. Aiyeniko, “Evaluation of computing resources consumption of selected symmetric-key algorithms,” Journal of Computer Science and Its Application, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 64, 2019, doi: 10.4314/jcsia.v26i2.7.
4. K. Lewi and D. J. Wu, “Order-revealing encryption: New constructions, applications, and lower bounds,” in Proc. 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conf. Computer and Communications Security, 2016, pp. 1167–1178, doi: 10.1145/2976749.2978376.
5. N. Chenette, K. Lewi, S. A. Weis, and D. J. Wu, “Practical order-revealing encryption with limited leakage,” in Fast Software Encryption, T. Peyrin, Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2016, vol. 9783, pp. 474–493, doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5_24.
6. P. Grubbs, K. Sekniqi, V. Bindschaedler, M. Naveed, and T. Ristenpart, “Leakage-abuse attacks against order-revealing encryption,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2017, pp. 655–672, doi: 10.1109/SP.2017.44.
7. S. Kamara and T. Moataz, “SQL on structurally-encrypted databases,” in Advances in Cryptology—ASIACRYPT 2018, T. Peyrin and S. Galbraith, Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, vol. 11272, pp. 149–180, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-03326-2_6.
8. Z. Gui, K. G. Paterson, and T. Tang, “Security analysis of MongoDB’s queryable encryption,” in Proc. 32nd USENIX Security Symp. (USENIX Security 23), 2023, pp. 4335–4352. [Online]. Available: https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity23-gui_1.pdf
9. R. B. Agboola, Z. S. Iro, J. Awwalu, and I. N. Said, “Database security framework design using tokenization,” Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1b, pp. 16–26, 2022, doi: 10.4314/dujopas.v8i1b.3.
10. G. Ramasamy, G. M., G. Sridhar, U. Aditya, and N. Shreyas, “Enhancing database security through multi-layered cryptographic techniques,” in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Research and Development in Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies, 2025, pp. 532–540, doi: 10.5220/0013901400004919.
11. E. A. Markatou, F. Falzon, Z. Espiritu, and R. Tamassia, “Attacks on encrypted response-hiding range search schemes in multiple dimensions,” Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, vol. 2023, no. 4, pp. 204–223, 2023, doi: 10.56553/popets-2023-0106.
12. R. Poddar, T. Boelter, and R. A. Popa, “Arx: An encrypted database using semantically secure encryption,” Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1664–1678, 2019, doi: 10.14778/3342263.3342641.
13. I. Demertzis, D. Papadopoulos, C. Papamanthou, and S. Shintre, “SEAL: Attack mitigation for encrypted databases via adjustable leakage,” in Proc. 29th USENIX Security Symp. (USENIX Security 20), 2020, pp. 2433–2450. [Online]. Available: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/demertzis
14. M. A. Bender et al., “Anti-persistence on persistent storage: History-independent sparse tables and dictionaries,” in Proc. 35th ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGAI Symp. Principles of Database Systems, 2016, pp. 289–302, doi: 10.1145/2902251.2902276.
15. P. Grubbs, R. McPherson, M. Naveed, T. Ristenpart, and V. Shmatikov, “Breaking web applications built on top of encrypted data,” in Proc. 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conf. Computer and Communications Security, 2016, pp. 1353–1364, doi: 10.1145/2976749.2978351.
16. M. Trabucco, M. Andreolini, and L. Ferretti, “Practical and secure history-independent indexing for queryable-encrypted databases,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 99, Art. no. 104439, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2026.104439.
17. A. Baban and S. Hameed, “Securing a web-based hospital management system using a combination of AES and HMAC,” Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 93–99, 2023, doi: 10.37917/ijeee.19.1.12.
18. J. Ji, Y. Song, and G. Cho, “Selective encryption of sensitive fields in structured logs: Quantifying security–utility–performance tradeoffs,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 101, Art. no. 104550, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2026.104550.
19. S. Ziyad, P. Christen, R. Schnell, L. Lange, and A. Vidanage, “The use of differential privacy for privacy-preserving record linkage: Protecting the bits but not the people,” Information Systems, vol. 140, Art. no. 102726, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.is.2026.102726.
20. E. A. Abdullah, A. Al Shamiri, and A. A. G. Al-Khulaidi, “Encrypting the electronic health record using cloud computing and blockchain technologies,” International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, vol. 12, no. 14s, pp. 684–714, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382823631
21. K. F. Jasim and A. M. Zeki, “Design of protection software using some cryptosystems for cloud database files,” Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 70–79, 2024, doi: 10.24086/cuesj.v8n1y2024.pp70-79.
22. J. Ma, F. Li, and R. Diao, “Research on high-throughput blockchain-based solutions for large-scale medical data sharing,” Blockchain: Research and Applications, vol. 7, no. 2, Art. no. 100332, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100332.
23. A. I. Khan, H. Saud, S. A. R. Kazmi, and M. I. Fakhir, “Database security empowered with independent field encryption,” VAWKUM Transactions on Computer Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 125–135, 2024, doi: 10.21015/vtcs.v12i1.1775.
24. M. Carvalho, F. Sá, and J. Bernardino, “Evaluation of the impact of AES encryption on query read performance across Oracle, MySQL, and SQL Server databases,” Cryptography, vol. 9, no. 4, Art. no. 77, 2025, doi: 10.3390/cryptography9040077.
25. R. Zhou, N. Gao, and C. Tu, “Design and implementation of a database transparent encryption middleware supporting fuzzy search,” in Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering, L. Trajković, G. Zhang, S. Femmam, J. Ma, M. Paprzycki, and S. Agaian, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, 2026, doi: 10.3233/ATDE260452.
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