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Original Article
Determination of Heavy Metals in Water Samples from Chhattisgarh, Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Dileshwari Sahu1
Ajay Pillai2
1 2 Department of Chemistry, Got. V.Y.T.PG. Autonomous College Durg (C.G.) Hemchand Yadav University, Durg (C.G.), India.
Published Online: July-August 2026
Pages: 297-309
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20260604034References
1. Akcil, A., & Koldas, S. (2006). Acid mine drainage (AMD): causes, treatment and case studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(12–
13), 1139–1145.
2. Ali, H., & Khan, E. (2019). Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and
metalloids in food chains/webs — concepts and implications for wildlife and human health. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,
25(6), 1353–1376.
3. Bradl, H. B. (2004). Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 277(1), 1–
18.
4. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2012). IS 10500: 2012 — Drinking water specification (2nd revision). BIS, New Delhi.
5. Denkhaus, E., & Salnikow, K. (2002). Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 42(1),
35–56.
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Monographs Volume 100C). WHO Press.
7. Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 167–182.
8. Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., … Roberts, R. (2005). Low-level environmental lead
exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 894–899.
9. McLaughlin, M. J., Tiller, K. G., Naidu, R., & Stevens, D. P. (1999). Review: The behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants
in fertilizers. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 34(1), 1–54.
10. Nickson, R. T., McArthur, J. M., Ravenscroft, P., Burgess, W. G., & Ahmed, K. M. (2000). Mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater,
Bangladesh and West Bengal. Applied Geochemistry, 15(4), 403–413.
11. Singh, A. K., & Kumar, M. (2017). Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the chemistry of ground water in the coal mine area of the
Gondwana basin, Chhattisgarh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(8), 312.
12. Smedley, P. L., & Kinniburgh, D. G. (2002). A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied
Geochemistry, 17(5), 517–568.
13. Stumm, W., & Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters (3rd ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
14. Welz, B., & Sperling, M. (1999). Atomic absorption spectrometry (3rd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
15. World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. WHO Press.
16. World Health Organization. (2022). Lead poisoning. WHO Fact Sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-
and-health.
13), 1139–1145.
2. Ali, H., & Khan, E. (2019). Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and
metalloids in food chains/webs — concepts and implications for wildlife and human health. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,
25(6), 1353–1376.
3. Bradl, H. B. (2004). Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 277(1), 1–
18.
4. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2012). IS 10500: 2012 — Drinking water specification (2nd revision). BIS, New Delhi.
5. Denkhaus, E., & Salnikow, K. (2002). Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 42(1),
35–56.
6. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (2012). A review of human carcinogens: Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts (IARC
Monographs Volume 100C). WHO Press.
7. Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 167–182.
8. Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., … Roberts, R. (2005). Low-level environmental lead
exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 894–899.
9. McLaughlin, M. J., Tiller, K. G., Naidu, R., & Stevens, D. P. (1999). Review: The behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants
in fertilizers. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 34(1), 1–54.
10. Nickson, R. T., McArthur, J. M., Ravenscroft, P., Burgess, W. G., & Ahmed, K. M. (2000). Mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater,
Bangladesh and West Bengal. Applied Geochemistry, 15(4), 403–413.
11. Singh, A. K., & Kumar, M. (2017). Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the chemistry of ground water in the coal mine area of the
Gondwana basin, Chhattisgarh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(8), 312.
12. Smedley, P. L., & Kinniburgh, D. G. (2002). A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied
Geochemistry, 17(5), 517–568.
13. Stumm, W., & Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters (3rd ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
14. Welz, B., & Sperling, M. (1999). Atomic absorption spectrometry (3rd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
15. World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. WHO Press.
16. World Health Organization. (2022). Lead poisoning. WHO Fact Sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-
and-health.
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