ARCHIVES

1. JAMB. Special Committee on Examination Infractions (SCEI): Final Report. Abuja: Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board; 2025.
2. Deihl M, Davis J. Examination integrity and educational equity: A global review. J Educ Policy. 2021;36(4):512–531.
3. JAMB. Annual Report and Statistical Digest 2025. Abuja: Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board; 2025.
4. Eze N. Technological malpractice in Nigerian tertiary entrance examinations: An emerging challenge. Afr J Educ Stud. 2022;9(2):88–104.
5. Osunde A, Omoruyi O. Mobile phone use and examination malpractice in secondary schools in Nigeria. Int J Educ Res. 2020;8(3):44–58.
6. Cizek GJ, Wollack JA. Handbook of Quantitative Methods for Detecting Cheating on Tests. New York: Routledge; 2017.
7. Sotayi A. Typologies of examination malpractice in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Comp Educ Rev. 2019;63(2):179–202.
8. Chapman DW, Lindner S. Degrees of integrity: The threat of fraud in higher education. Stud High Educ. 2016;41(2):247–268.
9. Aluede O, Idogho PO, Imonikhe JS. Increasing access to university education in Nigeria: Present challenges and suggestions for the future. Afr Res Rev. 2012;6(1):189–202.
10. Nwadiani M. Examination malpractice in Nigerian universities: Causes, consequences and remedies. Benin City: Ambik Press; 2000.
11. Osunde A, Omoruyi O. Electronic malpractice: The challenge of mobile phone use during examinations. J Educ Technol. 2020;17(1):31–42.
12. Eze N. From manual to digital impersonation in Nigerian examinations: Tracing the evolution. Niger J Educ Policy. 2023;11(1):14–29.
13. Jain AK, Flynn P, Ross AA (eds). Handbook of Biometrics. New York: Springer; 2007.
14. Daugman J. How iris recognition works. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol. 2004;14(1):21–30.
15. Bamiro D. JAMB ITS Technical Overview: Biometric Integration in UTME 2025. Abuja: JAMB; 2025.
16. Ratha NK, Connell JH, Bolle RM. An analysis of minutiae matching strength. Proc AVBPA. 2001;223–228.
17. Johnston A. Governing examination integrity: A three-level framework for national assessment systems. Assess Educ. 2012;19(3):303–320.
18. Baird JA, Isaacs T, Johnson S, et al. Assessment and Learning: The Learner Perspective. London: SAGE; 2011.
19. Chapman DW, Lindner S. Degrees of integrity: The threat of fraud in higher education. Stud High Educ. 2016;41(2):247–268.
20. Okwuosa L. Examination malpractice law in Nigeria: An assessment of adequacy and enforcement. Niger Law J. 2023;22(1):44–68.
21. Okonkwo R. Cultural normalization of examination fraud in Nigeria: A qualitative study. J Educ Dev. 2018;12(3):77–95.
22. Umar A, Alhaji M, Garba S. Parental complicity and examination fraud in Northern Nigeria. Afr J Educ Manag. 2021;18(2):112–129.
23. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Examination Malpractice Act, Cap E15, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. Abuja: Government Printer; 2004.
24. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, Etc.) Act 2015 (amended 2024). Abuja: Government Printer; 2024.
25. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015. Abuja: Government Printer; 2015.
26. UCAS. How to Apply: Undergraduate Applicant Guide 2025. Cheltenham: UCAS; 2025.
27. College Board. SAT Suite of Assessments: Test Administrator Manual 2025. New York: College Board; 2025.
28. Cambridge Assessment International Education. Cambridge Handbook 2025: General Regulations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2025.
29. Owoseni F. Security dimensions of examination malpractice: A law enforcement perspective. Presentation to SCEI, August 2025. Abuja: JAMB; 2025.
30. National Identity Management Commission (NIMC). NIN Enrolment Anomaly Report Q2 2025. Abuja: NIMC; 2025.