Current - Issue
Original Article
Determinants of Health and Development in Contemporary India: The Bio-Politics of Stratification and the Post-Colonial Growth Paradox
Chodavarapu Prabhakar1
1 Independent Researcher, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Published Online: July-August 2026
Pages: 41-47
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20260604004References
1. Ambedkar, B. R. (2014). Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition. Navayana.
2. Balhara, Y. P. S. (2025). Centre for Advanced Research on Addictive Behaviors: A national framework for digital wellness and youth
mental health targeting behavioral addictions in India. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16(1), 1747027.
3. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.
4. Brugger, F. (2025). 'Knowing how the machine works': A novel framework for engaging with the political determinants of health. BMJ
Global Health, 10(8), e019640.
5. Cowling, K., Dandona, R., & Dandona, L. (2014). Social determinants of health in India: Progress and inequities across states.
International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0088-0.
6. Dandona, R., Majumder, M., & Kumar, G. A. (2024). Population-level trends over a decade in geographical inequality for opportunity in
access to maternal care services: A cross-sectional analysis from the National Family Health Surveys in India. BMJ Open, 14(11),
e083922. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083922.
7. Fraser, N. (2003). Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange. Verso.
8. Haidt, J. (2024). The anxious generation: How the great rewiring of childhood is causing an epidemic of mental illness. Penguin Press.
9. Indian Council of Medical Research – National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-NIN). (2024). Dietary guidelines for Indians. ICMR-NIN
Publications.10. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) & ICF. (2021). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), India, 2019-21. Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
11. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80–94.
12. Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 365(9464), 1099–1104.
13. Rani, S. (2024). Impact of social media on youth's mental health in India: A sociological study. Naveen International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Sciences, 12(3), 45–56.
14. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
15. Singar, S. (2026). Ultra-processed foods and the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic continuum: Integrating epidemiological, multi-omics,
and translational evidence. Nutrients, 18(7), 1039.
16. Tripathi, K., Kanwat, D., Bika, S. L., Kaur, J., Rawat, N., Kumar, A., Singh, B., Kumar, D. R., & Singh, B. (2024). Social determinants
of health in India: Reimagining of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision in the light of marginalized communities. Social Sciences, 14(1), 1.
https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14010001.
17. World Health Organization. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. (Discussion Paper Series on
Social Determinants of Health, 2). World Health Organization.
2. Balhara, Y. P. S. (2025). Centre for Advanced Research on Addictive Behaviors: A national framework for digital wellness and youth
mental health targeting behavioral addictions in India. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16(1), 1747027.
3. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.
4. Brugger, F. (2025). 'Knowing how the machine works': A novel framework for engaging with the political determinants of health. BMJ
Global Health, 10(8), e019640.
5. Cowling, K., Dandona, R., & Dandona, L. (2014). Social determinants of health in India: Progress and inequities across states.
International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0088-0.
6. Dandona, R., Majumder, M., & Kumar, G. A. (2024). Population-level trends over a decade in geographical inequality for opportunity in
access to maternal care services: A cross-sectional analysis from the National Family Health Surveys in India. BMJ Open, 14(11),
e083922. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083922.
7. Fraser, N. (2003). Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange. Verso.
8. Haidt, J. (2024). The anxious generation: How the great rewiring of childhood is causing an epidemic of mental illness. Penguin Press.
9. Indian Council of Medical Research – National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-NIN). (2024). Dietary guidelines for Indians. ICMR-NIN
Publications.10. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) & ICF. (2021). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), India, 2019-21. Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
11. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80–94.
12. Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 365(9464), 1099–1104.
13. Rani, S. (2024). Impact of social media on youth's mental health in India: A sociological study. Naveen International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Sciences, 12(3), 45–56.
14. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
15. Singar, S. (2026). Ultra-processed foods and the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic continuum: Integrating epidemiological, multi-omics,
and translational evidence. Nutrients, 18(7), 1039.
16. Tripathi, K., Kanwat, D., Bika, S. L., Kaur, J., Rawat, N., Kumar, A., Singh, B., Kumar, D. R., & Singh, B. (2024). Social determinants
of health in India: Reimagining of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision in the light of marginalized communities. Social Sciences, 14(1), 1.
https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14010001.
17. World Health Organization. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. (Discussion Paper Series on
Social Determinants of Health, 2). World Health Organization.
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