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Research Article
Isolation, identification and characterization of bacteria from solid waste of guinea pig pet
Dr. Santosh Kirtane1
Dr. Darshit Ram2
1 Principal, Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, Noble University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India. 2 Professor, HOD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Noble University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
Published Online: July-August 2022
Pages: 34-41
Cite this article
No DOIReferences
1.Russell SL, Antunes LC, & Finlay BB. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev., 2010; 90: 859-904.
2.Forsythe SJ, & Parker DS. Urea turnover and transfer to the digestive tract in the guinea pig. British Journal of Nutrition, 1985; 53(1):
183-190.
3.Mackie RI. Mutualistic fermentative digestion in the gastrointestinaltract:diversityand evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology,
2002; 42(2): 319-326.
4.Harcourt-Brown F. Biological Characteristic of domestic rabbit/Digestive physiology. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine, Elsevier Science,
Oxford, 3. 2004.
5.Abecia L, Fondevila M, Balcells J, Edwards JE, Newbold CJ, & McEwan NR. Molecular profiling of bacterial species in the rabbit
caecum. FEMS microbiology letters, 2005; 244(1): 111-115.
6.Savage DC. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual review of microbiology, 1997; 31(1): 107-133.
7.Simpson JM, Martineau B, Jones WE, Ballam JM, & Mackie, RI. Characterization of fecal bacteria populations in canines: effects of
age, breed and dietary fiber. Microbial ecology, 2002; 44(2): 186-197.
8.Zhang H, & Chen L. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals distal gut bacterial diversity in wild wolves (Canis
lupus). Molecular biology reports, 2010; 37(8): 4013-4022.
9.Combes S, Fortun-Lamothe L, Cauquil, L., & Gidenne, T. (2012, September). Controlling the rabbit digestive ecosystem to improve
digestive health and efficacy. In Proc. 10th World Rabbit Congress, Sharm El-Sheikh (pp. 475-494).
10.Goodfellow M, Mordarski, M, & Williams, ST.Biology of the actinomycetes. Academic Press, 1984
11.Gidenne T, & Fortun-Lamothe, L. Feeding strategy for young rabbits around weaning: a review of digestive capacity and nutritional
needs. Animal Science, 2002; 75(2): 169-184.
12.Gidenne T, Debray L, Fortun-Lamothe L & Le Huerou-Luron, I. Maturation of the intestinal digestion and of microbial activity in the
young rabbit: impact of the dietary fibre: starch ratio. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative
Physiology, 2007; 148(4): 834-844.
13.Peeters JE. (1988). Recent advances in intestinal pathology of rabbits and further perspectives. Proc. 4th World Rabbit Congr.,(S.
Holdas ed.), October, 1988; 10-14.
14.Zomborszky-Kovács M, Gyarmati T, Szendrő Z, & et al. Effect of double nursing on some anatomical and physiological properties of
the digestive tract of rabbits between 23 and 44 days of age. ActaVeterinariaHungarica, 2002; 50(4): 445-457.
15.Franz CM, Holzapfel WH, & Stiles ME. Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety. International journal of food microbiology, 1999;
47(1-2): 1-24.
16.Benyacoub J, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Cavadini C, Sauthier T, Anderson RE, Schiffrin EJ, & von der Weid, T. Supplementation of food
with Enterococcus faecium (SF68) stimulates immune functions in young dogs. The Journal of nutrition, 2003; 133(4): 1158-1162.
17.Canganella F, Zirletta G, Gualterio L, Massa S, & Trovatelli LD. Anaerobic facultative bacteria isolated from the gut of rabbits fed
different diets. ZentralblattfürMikrobiologie, 1992; 147(8): 537-540.
18.Stewart CM & Hocking AD. Foodborne microorganisms of public health significance; (2003).
19.Hirsh DC & Zee YC. Veterinary microbiology 1999; (No. Sirsi) i9780865425439).
20.Štěpán J, Pantůček R, & Doškař J. Molecular diagnosticsofclinicallyimportant staphylococci.Folia microbiologica, 2004; 49(4): 353-
386.
21.Matthews K, R Kniel, KE, & Montville, TJ. Food microbiology: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
22.Hall G, Kirk MD, Becker N, Gregory, JE, Unicomb, L, Millard, G, & OzFoodNet Working Group. Estimatingfoodborne
gastroenteritis, Australia. Emerging infectious diseases, 2005; 11(8): 1257.
23.Mangunwardoyo W, Abinawanto AS, Sukara E, & Sulistiani AD. Diversity and distribution of culturable lactic acid bacterial species
in Indonesian SayurAsin. Iranian journal of microbiology, 2016;8(4): 274.
24.SiqueiraJr J.F, & Rôças IN. Polymerase chain reaction–based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment.
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2004; 97(1): 85-94.
25.Szabóová R, Lauková A, Chrastinová L, Strompfová V, Simonová MP, Vasilková Z, & Chrenková, M. Effect of combined administration
of enterocin 4231 and sage in rabbits. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2011; 14(3): 359-366.
26.Qin X, Galloway-Peñ JR, Sillanpaa J, Roh JH, Nallapareddy SR, Chowdhury S, & Ding, Y. Complete genome sequence of Enterococcus
faecium strain TX16 and comparative genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecium genomes. BMC microbiology, 2012; 12(1): 135.
27.Colombo AP, Haffajee AD, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Smith CM, Cugini, MA & Socransky, SS. Clinical and microbiological features of
refractory periodontitis subjects. Journal of clinical periodontology, 1998; 25(2): 169-180.
28.Aguirre M, & Collins, MD. Lactic acid bacteria and human clinical infection. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1993; 75(2): 95-107.
29.Vaughan EE, Mollet B, & Willem, MD. Functionality of probiotics and intestinal lactobacilli: light in the intestinal tract tunnel.
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1999; 10(5): 505-510.
30.Bagge E, Persson M, & Johansson, KE. Diversity of spore‐forming bacteria in cattle manure, slaughterhouse waste and samples from
biogas plants. Journal of applied microbiology, 2010; 109(5): 1549-1565.
31.Simonová MP, Lauková A, Chrastinová L, Plachá I, Strompfová V, Čobanová K, & Chrenková M. Combined administration of
bacteriocin--producing, probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium CCM7420 with Eleutherococcussenticosus and their effect in rabbits.
Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2013; 16(4): 619-627.
32.Zhang C, Zhang D, Yang J, Zhou J, Hu Q, Ling R, & Dong M. Enumeration Methods and Production of Enterotoxins in Food-Derived
Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of AOAC International, 2012; 95(1): 105-110.
33.Abdhul K, Ganesh M, Shanmughapriya S, Vanithamani S, Kanagavel M, Anbarasu K, & Natarajaseenivasan, K. Bacteriocinogenicpotential of a probiotic strain Bacillus coagulans [BDU3] from Ngari. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2015; 79: 800-
806.
34.Ni K, Wang Y, Li D, Cai Y, & Pang H. (2015). Characterization, identification and application of lactic acid bacteria isolated from
forage paddy rice silage. PloS one, 2015; 10(3): e0121967.
35.Kilic A, & Baysallar M. Identification of Staphylococci directly from positive blood culturebottlesby MALDI-TOF MS
system. Mikrobiyolojibulteni, 2014; 48(3): 377-384.
36.Thomas P. Isolation of an ethanol‐tolerant endospore‐forming Gram‐negative Brevibacillus sp. as a covert contaminant in grape
tissue cultures. Journal of applied microbiology, 2006; 101(4): 764-774.
37.Corrente M, Ventrella G, Greco MF, Martella v, Parisi A, & Buonavoglia D. Characterisation of a catalase-negativemethicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a dog. Veterinary microbiology, 2013; 167(3-4): 734-736.
38.Dermota U, Mueller-Premru M, Švent-Kučina N, Petrovič Ž, Ribič H, Rupnik M, & Grmek-Košnik I. Survey of community-associated-
methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Slovenia: identification of community-associated and livestock-associated clones.
International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2015; 305(6): 505-510.
39.Pate M, Zdovc I, Avberšek J, Ocepek M, Pengov A, & Podpečan O, Coagulase-negative staphylococci from non-mastitic bovine
mammary gland: characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus haemolyticus by antibiotic susceptibility testing
and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Journal of dairy research, 2012; 79(2): 129-134.
40.Chang C.W & Wang LJ. Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols. Indoor air, 2015; 25(5):
488-498.
41.Süle J, Kõrösi T, Hucker A, &Varga L, Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2014; 45(3): 1023-1030.
42.Efthymiou CJ, Saadi SOHEYLA, Young, SL, & Helfand EA. Iron-deficient medium for selective isolation and presumptive identification
of enterococci. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 1987; 17(4): 226-231.
43.Kačániová M, Capcarová M, Petrová J, Haščík P, & Hleba L. Microflora of rabbits after quercetin and T- 2 toxin applications. Animal
Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems, 2013; 9(3,2): 501-506.
44.Simonová M, Fotta M, & Lauková A. Characteristics ofStaphylococcusaureus isolated from rabbits. Folia microbiologica, 2007; 52(3):
291.
45.Vántus VB, Kovács M, & Zsolnai A. The rabbit caecalmicrobiota: development, composition and its role in the prevention of digestive
diseases–a review on recent literature in the light of molecular genetic methods. ActaAgrariaKaposváriensis, 2014; 18(1): 55-65.
46.Linaje R, Coloma MD, Pérez Martínez, G, & Zuniga M. Characterization of faecal enterococci from rabbits for the selection of probiotic
strains. Journal of applied microbiology, 2004; 96(4): 761-771.
47.Zomborszky-Kovács M, Gyarmati T, Szendrő Z, & et al. Effect of double nursing on some anatomical and physiological properties of
the digestive tract of rabbits between 23 and 44 days of age. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 2002; 50(4): 445-457.
2.Forsythe SJ, & Parker DS. Urea turnover and transfer to the digestive tract in the guinea pig. British Journal of Nutrition, 1985; 53(1):
183-190.
3.Mackie RI. Mutualistic fermentative digestion in the gastrointestinaltract:diversityand evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology,
2002; 42(2): 319-326.
4.Harcourt-Brown F. Biological Characteristic of domestic rabbit/Digestive physiology. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine, Elsevier Science,
Oxford, 3. 2004.
5.Abecia L, Fondevila M, Balcells J, Edwards JE, Newbold CJ, & McEwan NR. Molecular profiling of bacterial species in the rabbit
caecum. FEMS microbiology letters, 2005; 244(1): 111-115.
6.Savage DC. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual review of microbiology, 1997; 31(1): 107-133.
7.Simpson JM, Martineau B, Jones WE, Ballam JM, & Mackie, RI. Characterization of fecal bacteria populations in canines: effects of
age, breed and dietary fiber. Microbial ecology, 2002; 44(2): 186-197.
8.Zhang H, & Chen L. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals distal gut bacterial diversity in wild wolves (Canis
lupus). Molecular biology reports, 2010; 37(8): 4013-4022.
9.Combes S, Fortun-Lamothe L, Cauquil, L., & Gidenne, T. (2012, September). Controlling the rabbit digestive ecosystem to improve
digestive health and efficacy. In Proc. 10th World Rabbit Congress, Sharm El-Sheikh (pp. 475-494).
10.Goodfellow M, Mordarski, M, & Williams, ST.Biology of the actinomycetes. Academic Press, 1984
11.Gidenne T, & Fortun-Lamothe, L. Feeding strategy for young rabbits around weaning: a review of digestive capacity and nutritional
needs. Animal Science, 2002; 75(2): 169-184.
12.Gidenne T, Debray L, Fortun-Lamothe L & Le Huerou-Luron, I. Maturation of the intestinal digestion and of microbial activity in the
young rabbit: impact of the dietary fibre: starch ratio. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative
Physiology, 2007; 148(4): 834-844.
13.Peeters JE. (1988). Recent advances in intestinal pathology of rabbits and further perspectives. Proc. 4th World Rabbit Congr.,(S.
Holdas ed.), October, 1988; 10-14.
14.Zomborszky-Kovács M, Gyarmati T, Szendrő Z, & et al. Effect of double nursing on some anatomical and physiological properties of
the digestive tract of rabbits between 23 and 44 days of age. ActaVeterinariaHungarica, 2002; 50(4): 445-457.
15.Franz CM, Holzapfel WH, & Stiles ME. Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety. International journal of food microbiology, 1999;
47(1-2): 1-24.
16.Benyacoub J, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Cavadini C, Sauthier T, Anderson RE, Schiffrin EJ, & von der Weid, T. Supplementation of food
with Enterococcus faecium (SF68) stimulates immune functions in young dogs. The Journal of nutrition, 2003; 133(4): 1158-1162.
17.Canganella F, Zirletta G, Gualterio L, Massa S, & Trovatelli LD. Anaerobic facultative bacteria isolated from the gut of rabbits fed
different diets. ZentralblattfürMikrobiologie, 1992; 147(8): 537-540.
18.Stewart CM & Hocking AD. Foodborne microorganisms of public health significance; (2003).
19.Hirsh DC & Zee YC. Veterinary microbiology 1999; (No. Sirsi) i9780865425439).
20.Štěpán J, Pantůček R, & Doškař J. Molecular diagnosticsofclinicallyimportant staphylococci.Folia microbiologica, 2004; 49(4): 353-
386.
21.Matthews K, R Kniel, KE, & Montville, TJ. Food microbiology: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
22.Hall G, Kirk MD, Becker N, Gregory, JE, Unicomb, L, Millard, G, & OzFoodNet Working Group. Estimatingfoodborne
gastroenteritis, Australia. Emerging infectious diseases, 2005; 11(8): 1257.
23.Mangunwardoyo W, Abinawanto AS, Sukara E, & Sulistiani AD. Diversity and distribution of culturable lactic acid bacterial species
in Indonesian SayurAsin. Iranian journal of microbiology, 2016;8(4): 274.
24.SiqueiraJr J.F, & Rôças IN. Polymerase chain reaction–based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment.
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2004; 97(1): 85-94.
25.Szabóová R, Lauková A, Chrastinová L, Strompfová V, Simonová MP, Vasilková Z, & Chrenková, M. Effect of combined administration
of enterocin 4231 and sage in rabbits. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2011; 14(3): 359-366.
26.Qin X, Galloway-Peñ JR, Sillanpaa J, Roh JH, Nallapareddy SR, Chowdhury S, & Ding, Y. Complete genome sequence of Enterococcus
faecium strain TX16 and comparative genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecium genomes. BMC microbiology, 2012; 12(1): 135.
27.Colombo AP, Haffajee AD, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Smith CM, Cugini, MA & Socransky, SS. Clinical and microbiological features of
refractory periodontitis subjects. Journal of clinical periodontology, 1998; 25(2): 169-180.
28.Aguirre M, & Collins, MD. Lactic acid bacteria and human clinical infection. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1993; 75(2): 95-107.
29.Vaughan EE, Mollet B, & Willem, MD. Functionality of probiotics and intestinal lactobacilli: light in the intestinal tract tunnel.
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1999; 10(5): 505-510.
30.Bagge E, Persson M, & Johansson, KE. Diversity of spore‐forming bacteria in cattle manure, slaughterhouse waste and samples from
biogas plants. Journal of applied microbiology, 2010; 109(5): 1549-1565.
31.Simonová MP, Lauková A, Chrastinová L, Plachá I, Strompfová V, Čobanová K, & Chrenková M. Combined administration of
bacteriocin--producing, probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium CCM7420 with Eleutherococcussenticosus and their effect in rabbits.
Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 2013; 16(4): 619-627.
32.Zhang C, Zhang D, Yang J, Zhou J, Hu Q, Ling R, & Dong M. Enumeration Methods and Production of Enterotoxins in Food-Derived
Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of AOAC International, 2012; 95(1): 105-110.
33.Abdhul K, Ganesh M, Shanmughapriya S, Vanithamani S, Kanagavel M, Anbarasu K, & Natarajaseenivasan, K. Bacteriocinogenicpotential of a probiotic strain Bacillus coagulans [BDU3] from Ngari. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2015; 79: 800-
806.
34.Ni K, Wang Y, Li D, Cai Y, & Pang H. (2015). Characterization, identification and application of lactic acid bacteria isolated from
forage paddy rice silage. PloS one, 2015; 10(3): e0121967.
35.Kilic A, & Baysallar M. Identification of Staphylococci directly from positive blood culturebottlesby MALDI-TOF MS
system. Mikrobiyolojibulteni, 2014; 48(3): 377-384.
36.Thomas P. Isolation of an ethanol‐tolerant endospore‐forming Gram‐negative Brevibacillus sp. as a covert contaminant in grape
tissue cultures. Journal of applied microbiology, 2006; 101(4): 764-774.
37.Corrente M, Ventrella G, Greco MF, Martella v, Parisi A, & Buonavoglia D. Characterisation of a catalase-negativemethicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a dog. Veterinary microbiology, 2013; 167(3-4): 734-736.
38.Dermota U, Mueller-Premru M, Švent-Kučina N, Petrovič Ž, Ribič H, Rupnik M, & Grmek-Košnik I. Survey of community-associated-
methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Slovenia: identification of community-associated and livestock-associated clones.
International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2015; 305(6): 505-510.
39.Pate M, Zdovc I, Avberšek J, Ocepek M, Pengov A, & Podpečan O, Coagulase-negative staphylococci from non-mastitic bovine
mammary gland: characterization of Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus haemolyticus by antibiotic susceptibility testing
and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Journal of dairy research, 2012; 79(2): 129-134.
40.Chang C.W & Wang LJ. Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols. Indoor air, 2015; 25(5):
488-498.
41.Süle J, Kõrösi T, Hucker A, &Varga L, Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2014; 45(3): 1023-1030.
42.Efthymiou CJ, Saadi SOHEYLA, Young, SL, & Helfand EA. Iron-deficient medium for selective isolation and presumptive identification
of enterococci. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 1987; 17(4): 226-231.
43.Kačániová M, Capcarová M, Petrová J, Haščík P, & Hleba L. Microflora of rabbits after quercetin and T- 2 toxin applications. Animal
Welfare, Ethology and Housing Systems, 2013; 9(3,2): 501-506.
44.Simonová M, Fotta M, & Lauková A. Characteristics ofStaphylococcusaureus isolated from rabbits. Folia microbiologica, 2007; 52(3):
291.
45.Vántus VB, Kovács M, & Zsolnai A. The rabbit caecalmicrobiota: development, composition and its role in the prevention of digestive
diseases–a review on recent literature in the light of molecular genetic methods. ActaAgrariaKaposváriensis, 2014; 18(1): 55-65.
46.Linaje R, Coloma MD, Pérez Martínez, G, & Zuniga M. Characterization of faecal enterococci from rabbits for the selection of probiotic
strains. Journal of applied microbiology, 2004; 96(4): 761-771.
47.Zomborszky-Kovács M, Gyarmati T, Szendrő Z, & et al. Effect of double nursing on some anatomical and physiological properties of
the digestive tract of rabbits between 23 and 44 days of age. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 2002; 50(4): 445-457.
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