ARCHIVES
Original Article
Perceived Occupational Risks of Emergency Medical Services Personnel
Hatice Çoban1
Yusuf Arif Kutlu2
1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, Risk Management of Natural Disasters, Turkey. 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Turkey.
Published Online: January-February 2026
Pages: 29-34
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20260601004References
1. Alexander DA, Klein S. First responders after disasters: A review of stress reactions, at-risk, vulnerability, and resilience factors. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2009;24(2):87-94.
2. Igarashi Y, Mori K. A literature review of health effects on workers in disasters. Journal of UOEH. 2015;37(3):203-216. doi: 10.7888/JUOEH.37.203
3. Pawłowski W, Lasota D, Goniewicz K, Goniewicz M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in disaster workers and emergency personnel. Arch Med Sci Civil Dis. 2018;3(1):195-201. doi: 10.5114/amscd.2018.81187
4. Gonczaryk A, Chmielewski J, Strzelecka A, Fiks J, Witkowski G, Florek-Luszczki M. Occupational hazards in the consciousness of the paramedic in emergency medical service. Disaster Emerg Med J. 2022;7(3):182-190. doi: 10.5603/DEMJ.a2022.0031
5. Çoban H. Afet ve Acil Yardım Çalışanlarının Mesleki Riskleri [master’s thesis]. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, SGS; 2024.
6. World Health Organization. Emergency and Critical Care [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/emergency-care#tab=tab_1
7. T.C. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4798&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
8. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Ulusal Medikal Kurtarma Ekibi Birimi (UMKE) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://ashgmafetacildb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-80255/ulusal-medikal-kurtarma-ekibi-birimi-umke.html
9. Sökel SS, Önal Ö. Acil sağlık istasyonlarında çalışan personelin mesleki risk durumları. J Contemp Med. 2016;5(4):239–244. doi: 10.16899/ctd.46579
10. Maguire BJ, Browne M, O’Neill BJ, Dealy MT, Clare D, O’Meara P. International survey of violence against EMS personnel: physical violence report. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2018;33(5):526-531. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X18000870
11. Roberts MH, Sim MR, Black O, Smith P. Occupational Injury risk among ambulance officers and paramedics compared with other healthcare workers in Victoria Australia: analysis of wowkers’ compensation claims from 2003 to 2012. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(7):489-495. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102574
12. Kahya E, Sakarya S. Ambulans çalışanlarının kas iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2020;8(2):99-106.
13. Friedenberg R, Kalichman L, Ezra D, Wacht O, Alperovitch-Najenson D. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries among emergency medical technicians and paramedics: A comprehensive narrative review. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health. 2020;77(1):1-9. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1832038
14. Ceylan A, Altıntaş S, Çelik S, Karahan E. Hastane Öncesi Acil Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Ergonomi ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi. 2025;10(1):73-90. doi: 10.54409/hod.1456191
15. Donnely E. Work-Related Stress and Posttraumatic Stress in Emergency Medical Services. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2012;16(1):76-85. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.621044
16. Tessier M, Lamothe J, Geoffrion S. Psychological First Aid Intervention after Exposure to a Traumatic Event at Work among Emergency Medical Services Workers. Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 2022;66(7):946–959. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxac013
17. Elsässer A, Dreher A, Pietrowsky R, Flake F, Loerbroks A. Psychosocial working conditions, perceived patient safety and their association in emergency medical services workers in Germany–a cross-sectional study. BMC Emergency Medicine. 2024;24(1):1-13. doi: 10.1186/s12873-024-00983-2
18. Weaver MD, Patterson PD, Fabio A, Moore CG, Freiberg MS, Songer TJ. The association between weekly work hours, crew familiarity, and occupational injury and illness in emergency medical services workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2015;58(12):1270–1277. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22510
19. Bęczkowska S, Grabarek I, Pılıp S, Szpakowskı L, Gałązkowskı R. Road ambulances: workıng conditions of paramedics-pilot studıes. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2020;33(1):91-105. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01479
20. Sheikhi RA, Heidari M, Doosti P, Nemati S. Emergency medical service provider’s preparedness against CBRN accidents: a systematic review. Disaster and Emergency Medicine Journal. 2025;10(3):140-151. doi: 10.5603/demj.103354
21. Stone D. Design A Questionnaire. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(6914):1264-1266. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6914.1264
22. Carpenter S. Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers. Communication Methods and Measures. 2018;12(1):25–44. doi: 10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
23. Van Selm M, Jankowski NW. Conducting Online Surveys. Qual Quant. 2006;40: 435–456. doi: 10.1007/s11135-005-8081-8
24. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 27 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 16th ed. Routledge; 2019. doi: 10.4324/9780429056765
25. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2013.
26. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://acilafet.saglik.gov.tr/
27. Pimentel JL. Some Biases in Likert Scaling Usage and its Correction. IJSBAR. 2019;45(1):183-191.
28. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using Skewness and Kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):52-54. doi: 10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
2. Igarashi Y, Mori K. A literature review of health effects on workers in disasters. Journal of UOEH. 2015;37(3):203-216. doi: 10.7888/JUOEH.37.203
3. Pawłowski W, Lasota D, Goniewicz K, Goniewicz M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in disaster workers and emergency personnel. Arch Med Sci Civil Dis. 2018;3(1):195-201. doi: 10.5114/amscd.2018.81187
4. Gonczaryk A, Chmielewski J, Strzelecka A, Fiks J, Witkowski G, Florek-Luszczki M. Occupational hazards in the consciousness of the paramedic in emergency medical service. Disaster Emerg Med J. 2022;7(3):182-190. doi: 10.5603/DEMJ.a2022.0031
5. Çoban H. Afet ve Acil Yardım Çalışanlarının Mesleki Riskleri [master’s thesis]. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, SGS; 2024.
6. World Health Organization. Emergency and Critical Care [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/emergency-care#tab=tab_1
7. T.C. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Yönetmeliği [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4798&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
8. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Ulusal Medikal Kurtarma Ekibi Birimi (UMKE) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://ashgmafetacildb.saglik.gov.tr/TR-80255/ulusal-medikal-kurtarma-ekibi-birimi-umke.html
9. Sökel SS, Önal Ö. Acil sağlık istasyonlarında çalışan personelin mesleki risk durumları. J Contemp Med. 2016;5(4):239–244. doi: 10.16899/ctd.46579
10. Maguire BJ, Browne M, O’Neill BJ, Dealy MT, Clare D, O’Meara P. International survey of violence against EMS personnel: physical violence report. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2018;33(5):526-531. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X18000870
11. Roberts MH, Sim MR, Black O, Smith P. Occupational Injury risk among ambulance officers and paramedics compared with other healthcare workers in Victoria Australia: analysis of wowkers’ compensation claims from 2003 to 2012. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(7):489-495. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102574
12. Kahya E, Sakarya S. Ambulans çalışanlarının kas iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2020;8(2):99-106.
13. Friedenberg R, Kalichman L, Ezra D, Wacht O, Alperovitch-Najenson D. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries among emergency medical technicians and paramedics: A comprehensive narrative review. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health. 2020;77(1):1-9. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1832038
14. Ceylan A, Altıntaş S, Çelik S, Karahan E. Hastane Öncesi Acil Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Ergonomi ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi. 2025;10(1):73-90. doi: 10.54409/hod.1456191
15. Donnely E. Work-Related Stress and Posttraumatic Stress in Emergency Medical Services. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2012;16(1):76-85. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2011.621044
16. Tessier M, Lamothe J, Geoffrion S. Psychological First Aid Intervention after Exposure to a Traumatic Event at Work among Emergency Medical Services Workers. Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 2022;66(7):946–959. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxac013
17. Elsässer A, Dreher A, Pietrowsky R, Flake F, Loerbroks A. Psychosocial working conditions, perceived patient safety and their association in emergency medical services workers in Germany–a cross-sectional study. BMC Emergency Medicine. 2024;24(1):1-13. doi: 10.1186/s12873-024-00983-2
18. Weaver MD, Patterson PD, Fabio A, Moore CG, Freiberg MS, Songer TJ. The association between weekly work hours, crew familiarity, and occupational injury and illness in emergency medical services workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2015;58(12):1270–1277. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22510
19. Bęczkowska S, Grabarek I, Pılıp S, Szpakowskı L, Gałązkowskı R. Road ambulances: workıng conditions of paramedics-pilot studıes. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2020;33(1):91-105. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01479
20. Sheikhi RA, Heidari M, Doosti P, Nemati S. Emergency medical service provider’s preparedness against CBRN accidents: a systematic review. Disaster and Emergency Medicine Journal. 2025;10(3):140-151. doi: 10.5603/demj.103354
21. Stone D. Design A Questionnaire. British Medical Journal. 1993;307(6914):1264-1266. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6914.1264
22. Carpenter S. Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers. Communication Methods and Measures. 2018;12(1):25–44. doi: 10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
23. Van Selm M, Jankowski NW. Conducting Online Surveys. Qual Quant. 2006;40: 435–456. doi: 10.1007/s11135-005-8081-8
24. George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS Statistics 27 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 16th ed. Routledge; 2019. doi: 10.4324/9780429056765
25. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2013.
26. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 01]. Available from: https://acilafet.saglik.gov.tr/
27. Pimentel JL. Some Biases in Likert Scaling Usage and its Correction. IJSBAR. 2019;45(1):183-191.
28. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using Skewness and Kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):52-54. doi: 10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
Related Articles
2026
A Strategic Framework for Depth-Dependent Hydroelectric Conversion along the Indian Coastline
2026
Reimagining Development in India: A Critical Analysis of the Viksit Bharat Vision
2026
AI-Enabled Image Description: Bridging the Gap for the Visually Impaired
2026
Origin, Growth and recent Development of Integrated Reporting (IR): A theoretical Review
2026
Smart Hostel Management System
2026