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Original Article
Forensic Profiling of Mycotoxins: Comparative Extraction, Characterization, and Analytical Insights Across Food Substrates
Sarang Damle1
Nikhil Rathod2
Aditi Kumari3
1 Department of Forensic Science, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India. 2 3 School of Behavioural and Forensic Science, JSPM University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Published Online: November-December 2025
Pages: 79-87
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20250506009
References
1. Ezekiel, C.N., et al., Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children. Environ. Int., 2022. 158: p. 106996.
2. Fremy, J.-M., et al., A review on combined effects of moniliformin and co-occurring Fusarium toxins in farm animals. World Mycotoxin J., 2019. 12(3): p. 281-291.
3. Gallo, A., et al., A mycotoxin-deactivating feed additive counteracts the adverse effects of regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 2020. 103(12): p. 11314-11331.
4. Gong, Q., et al., Assessment of Fungal and Contamination of Ochratoxin A and Patulin in Foods Susceptible to Contamination in the Yangzhou Market, China. Foods, 2024. 13(19): p. 3205.
5. Min, H. and B.-K. Cho, Spectroscopic techniques for nondestructive detection of fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural materials: A review. J. Biosyst. Eng., 2015. 40(1): p. 67-77.
6. Pleadin, J., J. Frece, and K. Markov, Mycotoxins in food and feed. Adv Food Nutr Res. , 2019. 89: p. 297-345.
7. Eduard, W., Fungal spores: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2009. 39(10): p. 799-864.
8. Ajmal, M., et al., Comprehensive review of aflatoxin contamination, impact on health and food security, and management strategies in Pakistan. Toxins, 2022. 14(12): p. 845.
9. [9] Turner, P.C. and J.A. Snyder, Development and limitations of exposure biomarkers to dietary contaminants mycotoxins. Toxins, 2021. 13(5): p. 314.
10. Daou, R., et al., Mycotoxins: Factors influencing production and control strategies. AIMS Agri. Food., 2021. 6(1): p. 416-447.
11. Krska, R., MyToolBox: Safe Food and Feed through an Integrated ToolBox for Mycotoxin Management. FINAL PROGRAM, 2016: p. 5.
12. Wild, C.P. and Y.Y. Gong, Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. J. Carcinog., 2010. 31(1): p. 71-82.
13. [13] Lattanzio, V. M. T., Solfrizzo, M., & Visconti, A. (2008). Determination of trichothecenes in cereals and cereal-based products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25(3), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513792.
14. Aryal, S.; Available from: https://microbenotes.com/.
15. Rheeder, J.P. and L. Van der Westhuizen, Fusarium and fumonisin in GM maize grown by small-scale farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. , 2024. 120(1-2): p. 1-5.
16. Rottinghaus GE, Coatney CE, Minor HC. A Rapid, Sensitive Thin Layer Chromatography Procedure for the Detection of Fumonisin B1 and B2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1992;4(3):326-329. doi:10.1177/104063879200400316
17. Castell, A., et al., Bioaccumulation of mycotoxins in human forensic liver and animal liver samples using a green sample treatment. Microchem. J., 2023. 185: p. 108192.
18. Zhou, J., et al., High‐performance liquid chromatographic determination of multi‐mycotoxin in cereals and bean foodstuffs using interference‐removal solid‐phase extraction combined with optimized dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J. Sep. Sci., 2017. 40(10): p. 2141-2150.
19. Scott, P., J. Lawrence, and W. Van Walbeek, Detection of mycotoxins by thin-layer chromatography: application to screening of fungal extracts. Appl. Microbiol., 1970. 20(5): p. 839-842.
20. Sharma, S., S. Sharma, and R. Singh, FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF FUNGAL EVIDENCE: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH. J. Indian Soc. Toxicol., 2018. 14(1): p. 1-5.
21. Abbas, M. and M. Abbas, Chromatographic techniques for estimation of aflatoxins in food commodities. Aflatoxins-Occurrence, Detoxification, Determination Health Risks, 2021.
22. DO, C., Taphonomic mycota: fungi with forensic potential. J Forensic Sci, 2003. 48: p. 1-4.
23. Gadd, G.M., Interactions of fungi with toxic metals, in The genus Aspergillus: from taxonomy and genetics to industrial application. 1994, Springer. p. 361-374.
24. Brutti, A., et al., Inactivation of Anisakis simplex larvae in raw fish using high hydrostatic pressure treatments. Food Control, 2010. 21(3): p. 331-333.
25. Shephard, G., Chromatographic separation techniques for determination of mycotoxins in food and feed, in Determining mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feed. 2011, Elsevier. p. 71-89.
26. Sacco, M.A., et al., The Role of AFB1, OTA, TCNs, and Patulin in Forensic Sciences: Applications in Autopsy, Criminal Investigations, and Public Health Prevention. 2024. 16(12): p. 514.
27. M.S.J. Dallas, Reprocible RF values in thin-layer adsorption chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 17, 1965, Pages 267-277, ISSN 0021-9673, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)99868-6
2. Fremy, J.-M., et al., A review on combined effects of moniliformin and co-occurring Fusarium toxins in farm animals. World Mycotoxin J., 2019. 12(3): p. 281-291.
3. Gallo, A., et al., A mycotoxin-deactivating feed additive counteracts the adverse effects of regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 2020. 103(12): p. 11314-11331.
4. Gong, Q., et al., Assessment of Fungal and Contamination of Ochratoxin A and Patulin in Foods Susceptible to Contamination in the Yangzhou Market, China. Foods, 2024. 13(19): p. 3205.
5. Min, H. and B.-K. Cho, Spectroscopic techniques for nondestructive detection of fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural materials: A review. J. Biosyst. Eng., 2015. 40(1): p. 67-77.
6. Pleadin, J., J. Frece, and K. Markov, Mycotoxins in food and feed. Adv Food Nutr Res. , 2019. 89: p. 297-345.
7. Eduard, W., Fungal spores: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2009. 39(10): p. 799-864.
8. Ajmal, M., et al., Comprehensive review of aflatoxin contamination, impact on health and food security, and management strategies in Pakistan. Toxins, 2022. 14(12): p. 845.
9. [9] Turner, P.C. and J.A. Snyder, Development and limitations of exposure biomarkers to dietary contaminants mycotoxins. Toxins, 2021. 13(5): p. 314.
10. Daou, R., et al., Mycotoxins: Factors influencing production and control strategies. AIMS Agri. Food., 2021. 6(1): p. 416-447.
11. Krska, R., MyToolBox: Safe Food and Feed through an Integrated ToolBox for Mycotoxin Management. FINAL PROGRAM, 2016: p. 5.
12. Wild, C.P. and Y.Y. Gong, Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. J. Carcinog., 2010. 31(1): p. 71-82.
13. [13] Lattanzio, V. M. T., Solfrizzo, M., & Visconti, A. (2008). Determination of trichothecenes in cereals and cereal-based products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25(3), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513792.
14. Aryal, S.; Available from: https://microbenotes.com/.
15. Rheeder, J.P. and L. Van der Westhuizen, Fusarium and fumonisin in GM maize grown by small-scale farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. , 2024. 120(1-2): p. 1-5.
16. Rottinghaus GE, Coatney CE, Minor HC. A Rapid, Sensitive Thin Layer Chromatography Procedure for the Detection of Fumonisin B1 and B2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1992;4(3):326-329. doi:10.1177/104063879200400316
17. Castell, A., et al., Bioaccumulation of mycotoxins in human forensic liver and animal liver samples using a green sample treatment. Microchem. J., 2023. 185: p. 108192.
18. Zhou, J., et al., High‐performance liquid chromatographic determination of multi‐mycotoxin in cereals and bean foodstuffs using interference‐removal solid‐phase extraction combined with optimized dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J. Sep. Sci., 2017. 40(10): p. 2141-2150.
19. Scott, P., J. Lawrence, and W. Van Walbeek, Detection of mycotoxins by thin-layer chromatography: application to screening of fungal extracts. Appl. Microbiol., 1970. 20(5): p. 839-842.
20. Sharma, S., S. Sharma, and R. Singh, FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF FUNGAL EVIDENCE: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH. J. Indian Soc. Toxicol., 2018. 14(1): p. 1-5.
21. Abbas, M. and M. Abbas, Chromatographic techniques for estimation of aflatoxins in food commodities. Aflatoxins-Occurrence, Detoxification, Determination Health Risks, 2021.
22. DO, C., Taphonomic mycota: fungi with forensic potential. J Forensic Sci, 2003. 48: p. 1-4.
23. Gadd, G.M., Interactions of fungi with toxic metals, in The genus Aspergillus: from taxonomy and genetics to industrial application. 1994, Springer. p. 361-374.
24. Brutti, A., et al., Inactivation of Anisakis simplex larvae in raw fish using high hydrostatic pressure treatments. Food Control, 2010. 21(3): p. 331-333.
25. Shephard, G., Chromatographic separation techniques for determination of mycotoxins in food and feed, in Determining mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feed. 2011, Elsevier. p. 71-89.
26. Sacco, M.A., et al., The Role of AFB1, OTA, TCNs, and Patulin in Forensic Sciences: Applications in Autopsy, Criminal Investigations, and Public Health Prevention. 2024. 16(12): p. 514.
27. M.S.J. Dallas, Reprocible RF values in thin-layer adsorption chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 17, 1965, Pages 267-277, ISSN 0021-9673, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)99868-6
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