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Non-communicable lifestyle diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome, represent the predominant causes of morbidity and mortality in modern populations, accounting for approximately 75% of global deaths. The pathophysiological basis of these conditions involves dysregulation of lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, manifesting through measurable biochemical markers. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence regarding the diagnostic and prognostic utility of lipid and glycemic biomarkers, with particular emphasis on how demographic variables—including chronological age, biological sex, socioeconomic positioning, and geographic residence—systematically modulate biomarker expression and disease susceptibility. By integrating biomarker interpretation within a demographic framework, this review articulates pathways for enhanced clinical risk stratification and therapeutically targeted interventions.